Physician Assistant Gross Anatomy

Laboratory structures — Exam 2

This is a hit list made by students. It does not contain all of the skeletal information and has not been checked by faculty. It may have some omissions.

Triangles of the Neck

Sternocleidomastoid muscle — arises by two heads, a medial one from the front of the manubrium sterni and a more lateral one from the upper border of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle, inserts on the outer surface of the mastoid process and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line
Anterior triangle — posterolateral boundary formed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, superior boundary is the lower border of the mandible, medical boundary is formed by the median line of the neck from the mental symphysis to the jugular notch
Mental symphysis —
Jugular notch — top of the sternum
Posterior triangle — anterior border formed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, inferior boundary is the middle third of the clavicle, posterior boundary formed by the anterior border of the trapezius muscle
Platysma muscle — thin, sheetlike muscle, used in facial expression, arises from the skin and superficial fascia covering the upper portion of the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid muscles, covers the lower 2/3 of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the lower anterior part of the trapezius and the superolateral part of the anterior triangle
Trapezius muscle —
Superclavicular nerves — found in the superficial fascia of the neck at the inferior edge of the platysma muscle
Cervical branch of the fascial nerve — emerges from behind the lower part of the parotid gland to enter the deep surface of the platysma
Parotid gland — lower tip fills the narrow interval between the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

Anterior triangle

Anterior triangle — roofed by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia — stretches from the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle of one side to that of the other
Suprasternal space — formed by the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, potential space just above the jugular notch, contains lymph nodes, areolar connective tissue and a venous arch that joins the anterior jugular veins
Anterior jugular veins — formed on the external surface of the fascia by several small veins which join as they enter the suprasternal space, just above the manubrium they turn laterally posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle to terminate in the external jugular or the subclavian vein
Digastric muscle — two bellies form a wide V. anterior belly arises from the digastric fossa on the mandible and the posterior belly arises from the mastoid notch of the temporal bone
Intermediate tendon — narrowing of the bellies of the digastric muscle, lies just above the lateral part of the body of the hyoid bone
Hyoid bone —
Stylohyoid muscle — in close relation to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, arises from the base of the styloid process and inserts on the hyoid bone
Styloid process —
Common fascial vein — crosses the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid muscle superficially
Thyroid cartilage — forms the prominence of the larynx known as the "Adam’s apple"
Infrahyoid muscles — cover the thyroid cartilage
Sternohyoid muscle — arises from the inner surface of the manubrium and the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint, fibers run almost vertically to insert into the lower border of the hyoid bone
Inferior belly of the omohyoid — passes through the posterior triangle where it takes it origin from the scapula
Superior belly of the omohyoid — runs upward and forward through the anterior triangle to insert on the hyoid bone
Sternothyroid — arises from the inner surface of the manubrium and inserts on an oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid — arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage and inserts on the lower border of the hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis (nerve) — supplies the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid muscles
Muscular triangle — bounded by the midline of the neck below the hyoid bone, the anterior border and superior belly of the omohyoid, the anterior border of the lower half of the sternocleidomastoid; principal contents are the infrahyoid muscles
Carotid triangle — bounded by the posterior border of the superior belly of the omohyoid, the anterior border of the upper half of the sternocleidomastoid, lower border of the posterior belly of the digastric; principal contents are the carotid arteries and it’s branches
Submandibular triangle — bounded by the two bellies of the digastric and the lower border of the mandible
Submental triangle — bounded by the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles and the hyoid bone
Facial artery and vein — cross the lower border of the mandible about 2cm anterior to the angle
Facial artery — arises from the external carotid artery in the carotid triangle, gives off glandular branches and a submental branch
Facial vein — crosses the submandibular triangle and joins a branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein
Retromandibular vein — emerges from the parotid gland
Internal jugular vein — found in the carotid triangle, common facial vein dumps into it
Common facial vein
Submandibular gland — occupies most of the space of the submandibular triangle
Mylohyoid nerve — branch of the mandibular nerve, runs with the submental branch of the facial artery, supplies the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric
Mylohyoid muscle — flat sheet of muscle that forms the floor of the submandibular and submental triangles, arises from the mylohyoid line on the mandible and inserts on the body of the hyoid bone and into a median raphe
Median raphe — extends from the hyoid bone to the lower end of the mental symphysis
Hypoglossal nerve — rests against the hyoglossus muscle
Hyoglossus muscle — one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, runs upward from the greater horn of the hyoid bone
Nerve to the thyrohyoid muscle —supplies the thyrohyoid muscle, from 1^st and 2^nd cervical nerves, runs with the hypoglossal nerve
Carotid sheath — fascial sheath that encloses the common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
Vagus nerve — CN X
Common carotid artery — ends at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C4) by dividing into the internal and external carotids
Internal carotid artery —
External carotid artery — lies anterior to the internal carotid
Carotid sinus — dilatation at the termination of the common carotid
Superior thyroid artery — 1^st branch off the external carotid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery — branch off the superior thyroid artery
Hyoid branch — branch off the superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal branch — branch off the superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery — 2^nd branch off the external carotid artery
Facial artery — 3^rd branch off the external carotid artery
Occipital artery — 4^th branch off the external carotid artery
Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus — terminates in to an internal and external branch
Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve — passes deep to the lingual artery and pierces the thyrohyoid membrane in company with the superior laryngeal artery
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve — crosses deep to the superior thyroid muscle and supplies the cricothyroid muscle and the inferior [pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Face

Mental protuberance —
Angle of the mandible —
Zygomatic bone — forms the prominence of the cheek
Zygomatic arch — formed by the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Mucous membrane — covers lips and is continuous with the skin of the face and internally with the mucous membrane lining the mouth
Nostrils — skin of the face is continuous with the mucous membrane covering the nasal cavities
Rima palpebrarum — slitlike orifice formed by the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids
Conjunctiva — membrane that forms the inner linings of both eyelids and is reflected over the anterior part of the eyeball
Lacrimal papilla — slight elevation in the free margin of each eyelid
Lacrimal punctum — opening on the summit of the lacrimal papilla
Lacrimal canaliculus — beginning of which is marked by the punctum, coveys tears from the conjunctival sac to the lacrimal sac
Lacrimal sac —
Bregma —
Mental protuberance —
Superficial temporal vessels — lie immediately subjacent to the skin in the temporal region
Depressor labii inferioris- arises from the external surface of the mandible below the canine and premolar teeth and runs upward and medially into the orbicularis oris
Platysma — thin muscle sheet, lies mostly in the neck, more posterior fibers run upward across the mandible and blend into the depressor anguli oris, risorius and orbicularis oris
Facial nerve — CN VII, emerges from the stylomastoid foramen and passes directly into the parotid gland, divides into a upper and lower trunk in the parotid gland
Upper trunk of the facial nerve — branches to form the temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches
Lower trunk of the facial nerve — branches to form the buccal, mandibular and cervical branches
Stylomastoid foramen —
Parotid gland — occupies the interval between the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and mastoid process
Duct of the parotid - emerges from the anterior border of the gland and crosses the cheek to pierce the middle of the cheek to open into the oral cavity at the parotid papilla
Oral cavity
Parotid papilla — found at the level of the 2^nd upper molar tooth
Temporal branch of the facial nerve — runs upward over the temporal fascia to be distributed to the superior and anterior auricular muscles and to the frontalis
Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve — runs upward and forward across the zygomatic bone to reach the orbicularis oculi
Buccal branch of the facial nerve — usually 2 or 3, pass forward across the cheek to supply the zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, nasalis, orbicularis oris, risorius, levator anguli oris, buccinator
Mandibular branch of the facial nerve — passes forward just above the lower border of the mandible to reach the depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris
Cervical branch of the facial nerve — descends into the neck below the angle of the mandible to supply the platysma
Retromandibular vein — formed in the region of the root of the zygomatic arch by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins; descends through the parotid lateral to the external carotid artery
External jugular vein — formed by the posterior auricular vein and a branch from the retromandibular vein
Posterior auricular vein —
Internal jugular vein —
External carotid artery — is embedded in the deepest part of the parotid gland, terminates posterior to the neck of the mandible by dividing into the maxillary and the superficial temporal arteries
Maxillary artery —
Superficial temporal artery —
Posterior auricular branch of the external carotid artery — given off just above the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, accompanies the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve across the external surface of the mastoid process
Infratemporal fossa — where the maxillary artery enters the skull
Superficial temporal artery — ascends immediately in front of the ear and divides into frontal and parietal branches
Transverse facial artery — branch off the superficial temporal artery which passes forward across the face just above the parotid duct
Middle temporal artery — branch from the superficial temporal artery, runs forward and pierces the temporal fascia to enter the temporal muscle
Auriculotemporal nerve — derived from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), emerges on the face from behind the condylar process of the mandible and turns upward to be distributed to the skin of the upper part of the auricle and the greater part of the temporal region
Angular artery — terminal portion of the facial artery
Facial artery — passes deep to the muscles of facial expression
Superior and inferior labial arteries — originate from the anterior aspect of the facial artery and run forward and medially in the upper and lower lips, anastomose with similar branches from opposite side
Lateral nasal branch — branch of the facial artery, supplies the side of the nose
Masseter muscle — one of the four muscles of mastication, covers the ramus of the mandible externally, arises from the zygomatic arch and inserts on the ramus and body of the mandible
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)- supplies the masseter muscle, crosses the mandibular notch to reach the muscle
Mandibular notch —
Cutaneous nerves of the face — all derived from the trigeminal nerve (CN V), three divisions — ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
Ophthalmic nerve — has several branches including the supraorbital
Supraorbital nerve — leaves the orbit at the supraorbital notch or foramen and passes upward on the frontal bone, branches to pierce the frontalis to supply the skin of the forehead and scalp
Maxillary nerve — branches include the infraorbital and zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital nerve — terminal part of the maxillary nerve, emerges from the infraorbital foramen and branches deep to supply the skin of the upper lip, wing of the nose, upper part of the cheek and lower eyelid
Zygomaticofacial nerve — emerges from a small foramen in the zygomatic bone to supply the skin over the zygomatic arch
Mandibular nerve — has several branches including the auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves
Buccal nerve — emerges from the anterior border of the masseter and runs downward to supply the skin of the lower cheek
Mental nerve — emerges from the mental foramen of the mandible to supply the skin of the chin and lower lip
Mental foramen — on the mandible
Infraorbital foramen —
Supraorbital foramen —
Buccinator — lies in the substance of the cheek, arises from the molar portion of the alveolar process of the maxilla and the external surface of the mandible and the pterygomandibular raphe
Pterygomandibular raphe — fibrous band that extends from the pterygoid hamulus to the upper border of the mandible at the junction of the body and the ramus
Buccal pad — thick mass of fatty tissue that covers the buccinator

Cranial Meninges and Dural Venous Sinuses

Cranial dura — consists of two layers, the endocranium and the meningeal layer
Endocranium — outer layer of the dura mater
Meningeal layer — inner layer of the dura mater
Dural venous sinuses — blood spaces enclosed by the meningeal dura mater
Falx cerebri — separates the hemispheres of the cerebrum, double fold on the meningeal layer
Longitudinal cerebral fissure — between the hemispheres of the cerebrum
Inferior sagittal sinus — enclosed within the lower free margin of the falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli —
Tentorium cerebelli — double fold of dura that courses in the transverse cerebral fissure and roofs the posterior cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa —
Transverse cerebral fissure — between the cerebellum and the cerebrum
Diaphragma sellae —
Subdural space —
Arachnoid — delicate membrane though which the upper surface of the cerebral hemispheres can be seen
Cerebral hemispheres —
Superior cerebral veins — leave the upper surface of the cerebral hemispheres and pierce the arachnoid to enter the dura close to the midline, carry blood to the superior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus — enclosed within the dura mater, begins anteriorly at the crista galli of the ethmoid bone and extends posteriorly along the cranial vault in the median plane to the internal occipital protuberance
Crista galli
Internal occipital protuberance —
Transverse sinus —
Lateral lacunae — lateral extensions from the sinus
Frontal lobes —
Occipital lobes —
Temporal lobes —
Olfactory nerves (CN I) — pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach their respective olfactory bulbs
Olfactory bulbs —
Optic nerves (CN II) — pass from the optic canals of the optic chiasma at the rostral extent of the brainstem
Internal carotid arteries — one on each side just below the optic canals
Infundibulum — narrow stalk of nervous tissue connects the base of the brain with the pituitary gland
Middle cranial fossa —
Midbrain (mesencephalon) —
Cerebellum —
Oculomotor nerves (CN III) — arise from the ventral surface of the midbrain near the midline
Trochlear nerves (CN IV) — originate from the dorsal surface of the midbrain and wind ventrally around its lateral border
Trigeminal nerves (CN V) — arising from the side of the pons
Abducens nerve (CN VI) — attach to the caudal border of the pons near the midline
Facial nerve (CN VII) —
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) —
Basilar artery — running forward along the midline along the ventral surface of the pons
Medulla oblongata — inferior narrowing of the brainstem
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) — arises from the side of the medulla
Vagus nerves (CN X) — arises from the side of the medulla
Accessory nerves (CN XI) — arises from the side of the medulla
Hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) — arises from the ventral surface of the medulla
Foramen magnum —
Tentoral notch — through which the posterior cranial fossa communicates with the middle cranial fossa
Hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica — where the pituitary gland sits
Straight sinus — in the median plane at the junction of the tentorium and the falx cerebri
Great cerebral vein — flows into the straight sinus
Left transverse sinus —
Right transverse sinus — continuation of the superior sagittal sinus
Confluence of the sinuses — where all four sinuses come together
Sigmoid sinus — portion of the transverse sinus which turns downward in the dura lining the wall of the posterior cranial fossa
Jugular foramen — where the sigmoid sinus passes out of the skull
Internal jugular vein — continuation of the sigmoid sinus outside of the skull
Occipital sinus — enclosed in the attached margin of the fax cerebelli, extends from the area of the foramen magnum and drains into one of the transverse sinuses
Cavernous sinuses — lie between the two layers of dura mater at the sides of the sella turcica, receives blood from the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins — enter the sinus by passing through the superior orbital fissure and from the sphenoparietal sinus
Superior orbital fissure —
Sphenoparietal sinus — lies within the dura along the free margin of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses — where the cavernous sinuses drain
Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses — lie in the diaphragma sellae anterior and posterior to the pituitary infundibulum, join the cavernous sinuses

Cranial Fossae

Middle cranial fossa —
Oculomotor nerve — most anterior, entering the dura at the side of the posterior clinoid process, pass forward in the upper part of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, highest of all nerves
Trochlear nerve — enters the dura at the most anterior point of attachment of the tentorium cerebelli, passes forward in the upper part of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
Trigeminal nerve — slightly posterior and inferior to that of the trochlear nerve, covered superiorly by the narrow anterior part of the tentorium
Abducens nerve — enters the dura well back on the floor of the posterior fossa, passes more medially into the cavernous sinus
Trigeminal ganglion — expansion of the root fibers shortly after entering the dura
Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve — leaves the ganglion and passes forward in the lateral wall of the sinus to reach the superior orbital fissure
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve — runs forward to the foramen rotundum
Foramen rotundum —
Superior orbital fissure —
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve — passes directly inferiorly from the posterior part of the ganglion tot he foramen ovale
Foramen ovale —
Internal carotid artery — enters the cranial cavity at the internal opening of the carotid canal which lies just superior to the foramen lacerum
Foramen lacrum —
Optic foramen —
Ophthalmic artery — branch off the internal carotid artery as it emerges from the dura
Facial nerve — leaves the posterior cranial fossa by entering the internal auditory meatus in the petrous part of the temporal bone
Vestibulocochlear nerve — leaves the posterior cranial fossa by entering the internal auditory meatus
Glossopharyngeal nerve — enter the medial end of the jugular foramen
Vagus nerve — enters the medial end of the jugular foramen
Accessory nerve — enters the medial end of the jugular foramen
Jugular foramen —
Hypoglossal canal — found medial to the jugular foramen but in the anteriolateral wall of the foramen magnum
Hypoglossal nerve — leaves the cranial cavity via the hypoglossal canal
Vertebral artery — enters the cranium on each side at the lateral margin of the foramen magnum
Foramen magnum —
Nervus intermedius — separate from the facial and vestiobulocochlear nerve
Middle meningeal artery — branch of the maxillary artery, enters the cranial cavity at the foramen spinosum, supplies the dura of the posterior cranial fossa

Nasal Cavities

Nasal septum — medial wall of the nasal cavities, bony and cartilaginous plate covered on each side by a mucous membrane
Olfactory area — upper 1/3 of the nasal mucosa
Olfactory nerves — found in the olfactory area
Respiratory area — lower 2/3 of the mucosa, thicker and more glandular
Nostril —
Nasal vestibule — hair containing area just inside the nostril
Choana — where the nasal cavity opens onto the nasopharynx
Vomer — forms the bony portion of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone — forms the bony portion of the nasal septum
Septal cartilage — completes the septum anteriorly
Ophthalmic nerve — innervates the septal mucosa
Maxillary nerve — innervates the septal mucosa
Medial nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve — innervates the anterior 1/3 of the septum
Anterior ethmoidal artery — runs with the medial nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve
Nasopalatine nerve — innervates the posterior 2/3 of the septum, branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion
Incisive canal — canal through which the nasopalatine nerve passes and then terminates in the mucosa of the hard palate
Sphenopalatine artery — branch off the maxillary artery, runs with the nasopalatine nerve
Superior nasal conchae —
Middle nasal conchae —
Inferior nasal conchae —
Atrium — portion of the cavity lying anterior to the conchae and communicating with the vestibule and the nostril
Sphenoethmoidal recess — small portion of the cavity that lies above and behind the superior conchae
Sphenoidal sinus — opens into the nasal cavity in the wall of the sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior meatus — portion of the cavity lying below the superior concha and above the middle concha
Middle meatus — portion of the cavity lying below the middle concha
Inferior meatus — portion of the cavity lying below the inferior concha
Common meatus — the atrium, the three meatuses, the sphenoethmoidal recess
Posterior ethmoid air cells — communicate with the nasal cavity through one or more openings in the lateral wall of the superior meatus
Infundibulum — closed passage found in the portion of the middle meatus lying just inferior to the anterior end of the middle concha, through which the frontal sinus communicates with the middle meatus
Frontal sinus —
Hiatus semilunaris — curved groove that runs downward and posterior from the infundibulum
Anterior ethmoid air cells — opening found in the middle meatus on the ethmoidal bulla
Maxillary sinus — opening found in the middle meatus
Ethmoidal bulla — bulging prominence in the lateral wall of the middle meatus, posterior to the infundibulum and superior to the hiatus
Nasolacrimal duct — opening is in the wall of the inferior meatus, coveys tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity
Lacrimal sac —

Axilla

Axilla — potential space, roughly pyramidal lying between the upper part of the arm and the upper lateral thoracic wall
Medial wall of the axilla — formed by the upper ribs and intercostal muscles, covered externally by the serratus anterior muscle
Serratus anterior muscle —
Lateral wall of the axilla — formed by the medial surface of the upper part of the humerus, covered by the coracobrachialis muscle
Coracobrachialis muscle — arises from the coracoid process of the scapula
Posterior wall of the axilla — formed from above downward and laterally by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles
Subscapularis muscle —
Teres major muscle —
Latissimus dorsi muscle —
Apex of the axilla — triangular opening bounded by the first rib, the upper border of the scapula and the posterior border of the clavicle
Cervicoaxillary canal — opening of the apex, major nerves and vessels pass though it
Base of the axilla — formed by axillary fascia and skin
Lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves —
Biceps brachii muscle — arises from the coracoid process of the scapula
Median nerve — runs at the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle
Axillary artery — begins at the lateral border of the 1^st rib as a continuation of the subclavian artery and ends at the lateral border of the teres major muscle at which point it becomes the brachial artery
1^st part of the axillary artery — medial, gives off the supreme thoracic artery
Supreme thoracic artery —
2^nd part of the axillary artery — posterior, gives off the thoracoacromial artery and the lateral thoracic artery
Thoracoacromial artery — divides into the deltoid, pectoral, acromial and clavicular
Lateral thoracic artery —
3^rd part of the axillary artery — gives off the subscapular artery, thoracodorsal and scapular circumflex arteries
Subscapular artery —
Thoracodorsal artery —
Scapular circumflex artery —
Ulnar nerve —
Axillary vein —
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve —
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve —
Intercostobrachial nerve — communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous nerve, lateral cutaneous branch of the 2^nd intercostal nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve — lies laterally to the median nerve in the upper part of the arm and disappears from view where it enters the substance of the coracobrachialis
Lateral and medial heads of the median nerve —
Radial nerve —
Brachial plexus — derived from ventral rami of the 5^th, 6^th, 7^th and 8^th cervical and the 1^st thoracic nerves
Root of the triangle — ventral rami found in the posterior triangle of the neck
Upper trunk — formed by the rami of the 5^th and 6^th cervical roots
Middle trunk — formed by the rami of the 7^th cervical root
Lower trunk — formed by the rami of the 8^th cervical and 1^st thoracic
Each trunk divides into a posterior and anterior division after it enters the cervicoaxillary canal, these divisions then recombine to form cords
Lateral cord — formed by the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks
Medial cord — formed by the anterior division of the lower trunk
Posterior cord — formed by the posterior divisions of all three trunks
Anterior humeral circumflex artery — branch off the axillary artery
Posterior humeral circumflex artery — branch off the axillary artery
Axillary nerve — runs with the posterior humeral circumflex artery, branch off the posterior cord
Lateral pectoral nerve — branch off the lateral cord, pierces the pec major
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve — branch off the medial cord
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve — branch off the medial cord
Medial pectoral nerve — branch off the medial cord, pierces the pec major and minor
Radial nerve — branch off the posterior cord
Upper subscapular nerve — branch off the posterior cord, supplies the subscapularis muscle
Lower subscapular nerve — branch off the posterior cord, supplies the subscapularis and the teres major muscle
Thoracodorsal nerve — branch off the posterior cord
Long thoracic nerve — runs downward over the external surface of the muscles, derived from the 5^th, 6^th and 7^th cervical nerves

Thigh

Superficial fascia —
Fascia lata — deep fascia that invests the thigh
Medial and intermediate rami of the anterior cutaneous nerves —
Iliotibial tract — dense aponeurotic band along the lateral aspect of the thigh, superiorly it is attached to the anterior part of the iliac crest and inferiorly it is attached at the lateral condyle of the tibia
Iliac crest —
Lateral condyle of the tibia —
Tensor fasciae latae muscle — inserts on the iliotibial tract 1/3 of the way down the thigh, flat, quadrilateral muscle that arises from the anterior portion of the external lip of the iliac crest and the anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior superior iliac spine —
Gluteus maximus — inserts on the iliotibial tract, large, thick, quadrangular muscle made up of coarse muscle fiber bundles
Inferior cluneal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve —
Iliotibial tract — thickened portion of the fascia lata and is continuous with the thinner portion of the deep fascia surrounding the rest of the thigh

Extensor Region of the Thigh

Sartorius — long, narrow, straplike muscle that crosses the anterior aspect of the thigh obliquely, arises from the anterior superior iliac spine, runs downward to the medial side of the knee when it continues downward as a flat tendon that inserts on the upper part of the medial surface of the tibia
Tibia —
Quadriceps femoris — made up of four muscles; rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris — arises from the hip bone by 2 separate short tendons, inserts at the upper border of the patella
Straight tendon of the rectus femoris — arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine —
Reflected tendon of the rectus femoris — arises from the upper surface of the rim of the acetabulum
Acetabulum —
Vastus medialis —
Vastus intermedius —
Vastus lateralis —
Lateral intermuscular septum — separates the anterior extensor group of muscles from the posterior flexor muscles
Gracilis — arises by a flat tendon from the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, upper portion is relatively flat and broad and as it descends it becomes narrower and thicker, inserts on the medial surface of the tibia
Femoral triangle — bounded above by the inguinal ligament, laterally by the medial border of the upper part of the sartorius and medially by the medial border of the adductor longus, roof is formed by the fascia lata, floor is formed by the anterior surfaces of the adductor longus, pectineus and iliopsoas muscles; contents include femoral vessels and branches of femoral nerve
Sartorius muscle —
Adductor longus muscle — arises by a narrow, flat tendon from the superior ramus of the pubis, widens as it passes downward and laterally and inserts on the middle 3^rd of the medial lip of the linea aspera
Linea aspera —
Pectineus muscle — flat muscle originates from the outer surface of the pubis and inserts on the pectineal line
Iliopsoas muscle — consists of the psoas major tendon and the lower fibers of the iliacus, inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur
Femoral artery — begins as a direct continuation of the external iliac artery
Profunda femoris artery — branch from the femoral
Medial femoral circumflex artery — gives rise to the muscular branches to the adductor group
Lateral femoral circumflex artery —
Femoral sheath — funnel shaped fascial sheath that represents a prolongation behind the inguinal ligament into the thigh of portions of the transversalis fascia and the iliac fascia
Femoral nerve — branches include nerve to the pectineus, nerve to the sartorius, nerve to the quadriceps femoris
Adductor canal — lateral wall is formed by the vastus medialis muscle, posterior wall is formed by the anterior surfaces of the adductor longus and the adductor magnus muscles, canal is covered by the sartorius, anteriomedial wall is reinforced by an aponeurotic subsartorial septum
Adductor magnus muscle —
Subsartorial septum —
Adductor hiatus — tendinous opening in the adductor magnus
Popliteal artery — continuation of the femoral artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus
Popliteal vein — continuation of the femoral vein as it passes though the adductor hiatus
Saphenous nerve — deep terminal branch of the femoral nerve

Adductor Region of the Thigh

Iliopsoas — fibers of the iliacus join the psoas major tendon which inserts on the lesser trochanter, but a few fibers of the iliacus insert on the femur
Profunda femoris artery —
Obturator nerve — deep to the adductor longus, adductor magnus and adductor brevis
Anterior division of the obturator nerve — innervates the adductor longus, adductor brevis and gracilis
Adductor brevis —narrow origin from the outer surface of the inferior ramus of the pubis, inserts into the upper part of the medial lip of the linea aspera
Linea aspera —
Posterior division of the obturator nerve —

Flexor Region of the Arm

Coracobrachialis — bandlike muscle extending almost straight downward from its origin to insert into the medial surface of the humerus
Humerus —
Musculocutaneous nerve — arises from the lateral cord and enters the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle, branch of which supplies the coracobrachialis muscle, supplies the biceps brachii muscle; once it emerges from the coracobrachialis muscle it descends laterally between the biceps and the brachialis muscle
Biceps brachii muscle — long head arises with the capsule of the shoulder joint from the superglenoid tubercle of the scapula and it’s round tendon descends in the intertubercular sulcus to join the short head
Intertubercular sulcus —
Transverse humeral ligament — holds the round tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle in the intertubercular sulcus
Bicipital aponeurosis — thickened, fibrous band passes from the distal part of the medial border of the biceps medially and distally to join the deep fascia on the medial side of the forearm
Brachialis muscle — supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve; thick, fleshy muscle that lies posterior to the biceps in the lower part of the arm
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve — continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve after it pierces the deep fascia below the lateral border of the biceps
Anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm — separated from the posterior compartment by the humerus, lateral and medial intermuscular septa; contains the brachialis,, lower parts of the biceps and the origins of the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles, traversed by the brachia artery and the median and musculocutaneous nerves
Posterior (extensor) compartment of the arm —
Lateral and medial intermuscular septa — strong, aponeurotic fascial bands that stretch laterally and medially from the lateral and medial supracondylar ridge of the humerus to the deep brachial fascia
Supracondylar ridges of the humerus —
Brachial artery — begins at the lower border of the teres major as a continuation of the axillary artery and descends on the anteromedial aspect of the arm to terminate anterior to the elbow joint by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries; gives rise to the profunda brachii and the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries
Profunda brachii — large branch that arises from the medial side of the beginning of the brachial artery, runs with the radial nerve to reach the back of the arm
Superior ulnar collateral — arises about the level of insertion of the coracobrachialis, pierces the medial intermuscular septum and then runs with the ulnar nerve
Inferior ulnar collateral — arises from the brachial about 5cm above it’s bifurcation, divides into anterior and posterior branches
Median nerve — no muscular branches in the arm
Ulnar nerve — no muscular branches in the arm

Cubital Fossa

Cubital fossa — triangular space on the anterior aspect of the elbow, base is formed by an imaginary transverse line between the two epicondyles, medial boundary is the lateral border of the pronator teres muscles, lateral boundary is the medial border of the brachioradialis muscle, apex is where pronator teres and brachioradialis meet, floor is formed by the brachialis muscle and the supinator muscle, roof formed by skin and fascia and is crosse4d by the bicipital aponeurosis
Pronator teres — most lateral of the superficial group of muscles of the forearm, origin by a common tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, inserts on the middle 1/3 of the lateral surface of the radius
Deep head of the pronator — small, sometimes absent, arises from the medial border of the coronoid process of the ulna and joins the large superficial head
Brachioradialis muscle — arises from the upper 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and from the anterior surface of the lateral intermuscular septum, extends distally along the lateral side of the anterior surface of the forearm where it gives rise to a strong flat tendon which inserts into the base of the styloid process of the radius
Brachialis muscle —
Supinator muscle —
Radial artery —
Biceps — overlapped by the pronator teres
Radial nerve — enters the anterior compartment by piercing the lateral intermuscular septum, accompanied by the radial collateral artery, branches to the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, brachialis; ends by dividing into superficial and deep radial nerves
Superficial radial nerve — cutaneous branch to dorsum of the hand
Deep radial nerve — enters the supinator
Radial collateral artery — branch of the profunda brachii artery, anastomose with the radial recurrent artery
Profunda brachii artery —
Brachialis muscle — arises from the anterior surface of the humerus, from the entire surface of the medial intermuscular septum and from the anterior surface of the lateral intermuscular septum; inserts on the tuberosity of the ulna; supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve and the radial nerve
Medial intermuscular septum —
Lateral intermuscular septum —

Flexor region of the Forearm

Anterior and medial portion of the forearm are occupied by muscles that primarily flex the wrist, fingers and pronate the hand, these are arranged in three layers
Superficial layer of muscles — arise by a common tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and from the deep fascia, 1^st layer of muscles
Pronator teres — supplied by the median nerve in the cubital fossa
Flexor carpi radialis — narrows to a round tendon that descends along the medial side of the radial artery and enters the palm superficially, inserts on the bases of the 2^nd and 3^rd metacarpals; receive branches of the median nerve
Flexor carpi ulnaris — arises from the common tendon and from the medial border of the olecranon and from an aponeurosis attached to the ulna; inserts on the pisiform bone; receives branches of the median nerve, also supplied by the ulnar nerve
Pisiform bone —
Ulnar nerve — passes posterior to the medial epicondyle and enters the forearm by passing deep to a fibrous arch
Tendon of the palmaris longus — crosses the middle of the front of the wrist to insert into the palmar aponeurosis
Palmar aponeurosis —
Superficial palmar arterial arch —
Median nerve —
Flexor digitorum superficialis — only muscle of the second layer of the anterior aspect of the forearm, arises from the common tendon off the medial epicondyle of the humerus and from the medial borders of the ulnar tuberosity and the coronoid process of the ulna, from the oblique line on the anterior surface of the radius and from a fibrous arch that bridges between its radial and ulnar origins; divides into 4 tendon at the wrist.
Flexor retinaculum — strong, dense, fibrous band that stretches across the wrist from the scaphois and trapezium laterally to the pisiform and hook of the hamate medially
Carpal tunnel — though which flexor tendons of the digits and the median nerve enter the palm; composed of the anterior surface of the carpal bones and the retinaculum
Synovial sheath — surrounds the 4 flexor tendons entering the palm as well as 4 tendons to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Superficial palmar artery — branch of the radial artery just as it turns dorsally at the wrist
Common interosseous artery — arises from the ulnar artery near the point where it is crossed by the median nerve; divides into the posterior and anterior interosseous arteries
Posterior interosseous artery — passes between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna to reach the posterior aspect of the forearm
Anterior interosseous artery — passes distally, gives rise to the median artery, supplies branches to the deep flexors; terminates by dividing into posterior and anterior branches
Median artery — runs with the median nerve
Dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery — arises near the proximal border of the flexor retinaculum and winds to reach the dorsal surface of the wrist
Palmar carpal branch of the ulnar artery — anastomoses with the palmar carpal branch of the radial artery
Ulnar nerve — passes between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris; gives branches that supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, medial portion of the flexor digitorum profundus; gives rise to the dorsal cutaneous branch and to a palmar cutaneous branch; ends by dividing into a deep and superficial branch near the distal border of the flexor retinaculum
Palmar cutaneous branch — innervates the medial half of the palm
Median nerve — gives off branches that supply the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and the flexor digitorum superficialis
Anterior interosseous nerve — branch of the median nerve, distributes to the deep muscles of the forearm
Palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve — supplies the lateral half of the palm
Flexor digitorum profundus — wide, fleshy origin from the proximal 2/3 of the ulna and the interosseous membrane also from the deep surface of the aponeurosis of the flexor carpi ulnaris; gives rise to 4 tendons that pass into the hand
Flexor pollicis longus — arises from the middle half of the anterior surface of the radius and from the interosseous membrane; tendon passes deep to the flexor retinaculum
Pronator quadratus — flat, quadrangular muscle arising from the medial surface of the ulna, fibers insert on the anterior surface of the radius

Gluteal Region

Gluteus maximus muscle — arises from the iliac crest and ilium, from the sacrum and coccyx and the sacrotuberous ligament; inserts into the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity
Sacrotuberous ligament — runs from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity, forms the inferomedial border of the lesser sciatic foramen
Gluteal tuberosity —
Iliotibial tract —
Inferior gluteal nerve — supply the gluteus maximus
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries — supply the gluteus maximus
Lesser sciatic foramen — passage though which the gluteal region communicates with the ischiorectal fossa of the perineum
Greater sciatic foramen — foramen by which the pelvic cavity communicates with the gluteal region
Piriformis muscle — arises from the lateral part of the sacrum and from the greater sciatic notch; emerges from the greater sciatic foramen, narrows to a tendon which insets on the greater trochanter of the femur
Sciatic nerve — connective sheath binding the common peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve
Superior gluteal nerve and artery — emerge from the greater sciatic foramen immediately above the piriformis
Inferior gluteal nerve and vessels — emerge immediately below the piriformis
Inferior gluteal nerve — distributed entirely to the gluteus maximus
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve — emerges from the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis
Obturator internus — wide origin on the internal wall of the pelvis, converge to a flat tendon which inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur
Superior gemellus — arises from the outer surface of the ischial spine
Inferior gemellus — arises from the upper part of the ischial tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament
Quadratus femoris — lies below the inferior gemellus, arises from the outer border of the ischial tuberosity, inserts on the femur
Nerve to the quadratus femoris — emerges from the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis, gives a branch to the inferior gemellus and enters the quadratus femoris
Nerve to the obturator internus — emerges from the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis, gives off a branch to the superior gemellus then passes though the lesser sciatic foramen to enter the obturator internus
Internal pudendal vessels — emerges from the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis, passes though the lesser sciatic foramen
Pudendal nerve — emerges from the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis, passes through the lesser sciatic foramen to enter the pudendal canal
Inferior rectal nerve — branch of the pudendal
Gluteal medius muscle — arises from iliac crest, ilium and fascia lata, fibers converge to a flat tendon that inserts on the greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus — arises from the ilium, converges to a tendon which inserts on the greater trochanter
Superior branch of the superior gluteal nerve — supplies the gluteus medius
Inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve — supplies the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae

Flexor Region of the Thigh

Hamstring muscles — biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus
Long head of the biceps — arises from the ischial tuberosity; fibers join a flat tendon which runs to the back of the knee
Short head of the biceps — arise from the lateral lip of the linea aspera, lateral supracondylar ridge and the posterior surface of the lateral intermuscular septum and goes to join the long head
Linea aspera —
Semitendinosus — arises with the long head of the biceps, contracts at the middle of the thigh to a thick rounded tendon
Semimembranosus — arises by a broad flat tendon from the ischial tuberosity, inserts on the medial condyle of the tibia
Branches of the sciatic nerve innervates the long head of the biceps, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, short head of the biceps
Adductor magnus — receives it main nerve supply from the posterior division of the obturator nerve and a branch from the sciatic nerve

Palm of the Hand

Deep branch of the ulnar artery — accompanies the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, contributes to the formation of the deep palmar arterial arch
Superficial branch of the ulnar nerve — terminates in the palm by dividing into three palmar digital branches that distribute to the skin of both sides of the little finger and the medial side of the ring finger
Median nerve — terminates by dividing into three common palmar digital nerves which innervates the dorsal aspects of the distal phalanges
1^st common palmar digital nerve — supplies the short abductor, short flexor, opponens of the thumb and the 1^st lumbrical muscle; it then divides into three proper palmar digital nerves which supply the skin on both sides of the thumb and the lateral side of the index finger
2^nd and 3^rd common palmar digital nerves — supply the medial side of the index finger, both sides of the middle finger and the lateral side of the ring finger
2^nd common palmar nerve — supplies the 2^nd lumbrical muscle
Long flexor tendons — divide toward the base of the finger, those of flexor superficialis lie superficial to those of flexor profundus
Superficialis tendon — inserts on the base of the middle phalanx
Tendon of the profundus — insert on the base of the distal phalanx
Vincula longa and vincula brevia — extend from the tendons to the phalanges
Lumbrical muscles - arise from the distal part of the palm from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and inserts into the extensor expansion tendon
1^st lumbrical muscle — arises from the lateral side of the tendon for the index finger
2^nd lumbrical muscle — arises from the lateral side of the tendon for the middle finger
3^rd and 4^th lumbrical muscles — originate from the adjacent sides of the tendons between which they lie
Thenar eminence — short muscles of the thumb, composed of the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis — most superficial, arises from the trapezium and the lateral end of the flexor retinaculum and inserts into the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx
Opponens pollicis — thick, fleshy muscles arising from the trapezium and flexor retinaculum, inserts into the lateral side of the entire 1^st metacarpal
Flexor pollicis brevis — divided into deep and superficial heads by the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus
Superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis — lies along the medial side of the opponens pollicis and covers the tendon of flexor longus; arises from the trapezium and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx
Deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis — arises from the trapezoid bone and runs with the tendon of flexor longus to insert with the superficial head
Adductor pollicis- arises by two heads which are distinguished by the deep palmar arch passing between them; two heads converge to form a tendon that inserts into the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Oblique head of adductor pollicis — arises from the capitate and bases of the 2^nd and 3^rd metacarpals
Transverse head of adductor pollicis — arises from the palmar aspect of the shaft of the 3^rd metacarpal
Deep palmar arterial arch — begins at the base of the 1^st interosseous space where the radial artery enters the palm, arch is formed principally by the radial artery but is completed by the deep branch of the ulnar artery
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve — distributes to the 3 short muscles of the little finger, the 3^rd and 4^th lumbricals, the adductor pollicis and all the interosseous muscles
Interossei — small muscles that occupy the interosseous space, there are 3 palmar and 4 dorsal
1^st palmar interosseous muscle —arises from the medial palmar surface of the 2^nd metacarpal and inserts on the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the index finger
2^nd and 3^rd palmar interossei — arise from the lateral palmar surface of the 4^th and 5^th metacarpals, insert into the lateral side of the proximal phalanges of the ring and little fingers
1^st and 2^nd dorsal interossei — insert into the lateral sides of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the index and middle fingers
3^rd and 4^th dorsal interossei — insert into the medial sides of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the middle and ring fingers

Popliteal Fossa

Popliteal fossa — diamond-shaped space at the back of the knee, apex is where the biceps and semimembranosus muscles separate from each other, superolateral boundary is formed by the medial border of the biceps, superomedial boundary is formed by the lateral border of the semimembranosus, inferolateral and inferomedial borders are formed by the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius; roof is formed by skin and fascia, floor is formed by the femur, the oblique popliteal ligament and fascia
Gastrocnemius muscle — arise from the lateral and medial condyles of the femur
Oblique popliteal ligament —
Small saphenous vein — ascends along the middle calf to terminate in the popliteal fossa by joining the popliteal vein
Medial sural cutaneous nerve — arises from the tibial nerve and goes to the gastrocnemius
Common peroneal nerve — one of the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve, gives rise to articular branches which go to the knee joint and the lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve — supplies the lateral side of the leg
Peroneal communicating branch — given off by the common peroneal, joins the medial sural cutaneous nerve to form the sural nerve
Tibial nerve — gives rise to muscular branches, small branch given off to the plantaris, branches supply the soleus and the popliteal muscles and articular branches to the knee joint
Plantaris muscle — arises from the lateral part of the femur, small fleshy belly runs downward and medially in popliteal fossa and converges to a long, slender tendon that descends deep into the gastrocnemius
Popliteal artery — begins at the tendinous opening in the adductor magnus, divides at the lower border of the popliteal muscle into anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Subscapular Region

Subscapularis — wide, thick muscle which originates from the entire subscapular fossa, inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus
Upper subscapular nerve — supplies the subscapularis muscle
Lower subscapular nerve — supplies the subscapularis muscle and the teres major
Subscapular bursa — large synovial bursa lies between the deep surface of the subscapularis and the inner surface of the scapula
Tendon of the latissimus dorsi — inserts into the floor of the intertubercular sulcus
Teres major — inserts into the crest of the lesser tubercle
Pectoralis major — inserts into the crest of the greater tubercle

Extensor Region of the Arm

Triceps brachii — occupies the entire posterior compartment of the arm, arises from three heads
Long head of the triceps brachii — originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Medial head of the triceps brachii — arises from the posterior aspect of the humerus, and the posterior surface of the medial intermuscular septum and the lateral intermuscular septum
Lateral head of the triceps brachii — arises from the posterior aspect of the humerus,
Radial sulcus — groove for the radial nerve, separates the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii on the humerus
Medial intermuscular septum —
Lateral intermuscular septum —
Common tendon — insertion of the triceps into the olecranon
Olecranon —
Ulnar nerve — lies in the external surface of the medial head
Superior ulnar collateral artery — runs with the ulnar nerve in the middle of the arm
Radial nerve — origin from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, enters the radial sulcus of the humerus, branches to the lateral head, medial head and posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Profunda brachii artery — branch of the brachial artery, accompanies the radial nerve and is distributed to the triceps
Posterior humeral circumflex artery — branch of the profunda brachii artery anastomoses with it deep in the deltoid
Middle collateral artery — branch of the profunda brachii artery which anastomoses with the interosseous recurrent artery
Radial collateral artery — continuation of the profunda brachii artery after the branches, anastomoses with the radial recurrent artery
Radial recurrent artery —

Extensor Region of the Forearm and Hand

Deep antebrachial fascia — denser on the posterior aspect of the arm than on the anterior aspect
Extensor retinaculum — strong transverse fibrous band found at the wrist
Anconeus muscle — arises from the back of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the lateral border of the olecranon, supplied from a branch of the radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis longus — most lateral of the superficial muscles, partially overlapped by the brachioradialis, arises from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
Remaining superficial muscles all arise by a common tendon from the lateral epicondyle and from the deep fascia
Extensor carpi radialis longus — inserts into the dorsal aspect of the base of the 2^nd metacarpal, supplied by the radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis brevis — inserts into the bases of the 2^nd and 3^rd metacarpals, supplied by the radial nerve
Extensor digitorum — gives rise to four tendons which at the metacarpophalangeal joint spreads into a fibrous extensor expansion (extensor hood)
Extensor hood — divides into 3 slips, the middle slip inserts into the base of the middle phalanx and the two collateral slips insert together into the base of the distal phalanx
Lumbrical muscle —
Interosseous muscle — inserts into the corresponding extensor hood
Adjacent tendons of extensor digitorum are usually united by oblique intertendinous connections on the dorsum of the hand
Extensor digiti minimi — passes deep to the extensor retinaculum and at the back of the 5^th metacarpophalangeal joint joins the 4^th tendon of the extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris — has an accessory origin from the ulna, inserts via a tendon on the base of the 5^th metacarpal
Posterior interosseous artery and nerve — between the superficial and deep extensors
Supinator — partly covered by the anconeus, arises from the common tendon on the lateral epicondyle and from the ulna, fibers wrap around the proximal part of the radius and insert onto the radius
Deep radial nerve — supplies the supinator, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi and extensor carpi ulnaris
Posterior interosseous nerve — continuation of the deep radial nerve after it gives off branches, gives branches to 4 deep extensor muscles, distributed to the carpal joints
Abductor pollicis longus — arises from the radius and ulna and interosseous membrane, inserts via a tendon on the base of the 1^st metacarpal
Extensor pollicis brevis — arises from the posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane, inserts on the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Extensor pollicis longus — arises from the ulna and interosseous membrane and inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Extensor indicis — arises from the ulna and interosseous membrane and inserts at the 2^nd metacarpophalangeal joint
Posterior branch of the anterior interosseous artery — goes to back of wrist
Radial artery — turn in the palm as the deep palmar arch and gives off two branches the dorsal carpal artery and the 1^st dorsal metacarpal artery
Dorsal carpal artery — anastomoses with the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery and with terminal twigs of the posterior branch of the anterior interosseous artery to form the dorsal carpal arch
Dorsal carpal arch —
Anterior interosseous artery —
Dorsal metacarpal arteries — divide into two small dorsal digital branches for the adjacent sides of two fingers
Dorsal digital branch -

The Leg

Muscles of the leg — arranged in 3 groups, each of which occupies a separate osteofascial compartment
Anterior group — dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes
Posterior group — planatarflex the foot and flex the toes
Lateral group — evertors of the foot

Posterior Crural Region

Superficial layer — consists of the gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus
Gastrocnemius — arises by medial and lateral heads from the upper posterior parts of the lateral and medial condyles of the femur; inserts into the tuberosity of the calcaneus through the calcaneal tendon
Semimembranous muscle — inserts into a facet on the medial condyle of the tibia
Synovial bursa — intervenes between the semimembranosus tendon and the medial head of the gastrocnemius
Tibial nerve — innervates the gastrocnemius
Popliteal artery — ends by dividing into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries at the lower border of the popliteus
Plantaris muscle — inserts on the calcaneal tendon, supplied by the tibial nerve
Calcaneal tendon —
Soleus — thick, fleshy muscle, arises from the medial border of the tibia, from the soleal line on the tibea and from a strong fibrous band, from the head of the fibula and the upper 1/3 of the posterior surface of the fibula, inserts into the tuberosity of the calcaneus, supplied by the tibial nerve
Deep posterior crural compartment — consists for 4 muscles: popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior
Popliteus muscle — flat, triangular muscle which arises within the knee joint from the lateral condyle of the femur, inserts on the popliteal surface of the tibia
Flexor hallucis longus muscle — arises from the posterior surface of the fibula
Flexor digitorum longus muscle — arises from the soleal line and the posterior surface of the tibia
Tibialis posterior muscle — arises from the posterior surface of the face of the tibia, from the medial surface of the fibula and the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane
Peroneal artery — descends adjacent to the fibula between the tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus and gives off branches to tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
Perforating branch of the peroneal artery
Posterior lateral malleolar branch of the peroneal artery —
Lateral calcaneal branches of the peroneal artery — these are the terminal branches
Flexor retinaculum —
Medial malleolus
Peroneal artery — largest branch off the posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery — begins at the lower border of the popliteus as a terminal branch of the popliteal artery
Tibial nerve — supplies the soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior, ankle joint and medial calcaneal cutaneous branches; terminates under the flexor retinaculum by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves
Medial and lateral plantar nerves —
Anterior tibial artery — gives rise to a posterior tibial recurrent branch
Posterior tibial recurrent branch —

Lateral Crural Region

Biceps femoris — inserts into the head of the fibula
Fibular collateral ligament — splits to two heads of the biceps just before they insert, round strong cord which extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
Peroneus longus muscle — arises from the proximal half of the lateral surface of the fibula, from the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa and from the deep fascia
Peroneus brevis muscle — arises from the lateral surface of the fibula and the intermuscular septa; inserts into the tuberosity at the base of the 5trh metatarsal bone
Peroneal retinaculum —
Superior retinaculum — passes from the posterior distal part of the lateral malleolus to the upper lateral part of the calcaneus
Lateral malleolus —
Inferior retinaculum — attaches to the upper anterior part of the calcaneus and tot he trochlear process of the calcaneus
Common peroneal nerve — gives off the recurrent articular branch
Recurrent articular branch of the common peroneal nerve — innervates the knee joint
Deep peroneal nerve
Superficial peroneal nerve — passes between the peroneus longus and brevis muscles and supplies both

Anterior Crural region

Patellar ligament — strong, flat fibrous band that extends from the distal border of the patella tot he tuberosity of the tibia, it is the insertion of the 4 parts of the quadriceps femoris
Sartorius tendon — inserts on the medial surface of the tibia
Gracilis tendon — inserts on the medial surface of the tibia
Semitendinosus tendon — inserts on the medial surface of the tibia
Superior extensor retinaculum — stretches across the front of the leg just proximal to the malleoli
Inferior extensor retinaculum — single band that stretches from the anterior part of the calcaneus and after dividing into 2 parts inserts on the medial malleolus and plantar aponeurosis
Medial malleolus —
Plantar aponeurosis —
Tibialis anterior — arises from the lateral surface of the tibia, medial side of the interosseous membrane and deep fascia; inserts into the medial part of the 1^st cuneiform bone and the base of the 1^st metatarsal
Cuneiform bone —
Extensor digitorum longus — arises from the head of the fibula, shaft of the fibula and anterior intermuscular septum; tendon divides into 4 slips which reaches the dorsal surface of the 4 lateral toes
Central part of the tendon of extensor digitorum longus — inserts into the base of the middle phalanx
Collateral part of the tendon of extensor digitorum longus — insert into the base of the terminal phalanx
Peroneus tertius — arises from the anterior surface of the fibula, tendon inserts in to the base of the 5^th metatarsal
Extensor hallucis longus — arises from the anterior surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane and its tendon inserts in to the terminal phalanx of the great toe
Anterior tibial artery — one of the terminal branches of the popliteal artery
Dorsalis pedis artery —
Deep peroneal nerve — one of the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve, supplies all of the muscles of the anterior compartment