a region containing the full length of the myosin filaments and also parts of actin filaments; located in the sarcomere of skeletal muscle; see also H band
Cell that is efficient in absorbing substances from the lumen via apical cytoplasmic processes (microvilli or stereocilia)
cell of the adenohypophysis which stains pink red; i.e. somatotropes and mammatropes
a cell of an acinus unit
cells arranged into a circular secretory unit (i.e. pancreatic acinus and mucous acinus)
dense structure of the anterior portion of a sperm cell; contains enzymes that allow it to penetrate the egg during fertilization
thin filament protein which allows contractility and confers support in cells
malignant cancer with cells arranged in a gland-like pattern; i.e. prostate and breast adenocarcinoma
anterior lobe of the pituitary; composed of glandular secretory tissue
large cell (up to 200 um in diameter) with only a thin rim of cytoplasm due to the presence of a large flat droplet; TEM shows an external lamina; stores large lipid vacuoles
a grouping of adipocytes
cell of the adenohypophysis which produces ACTH and LPH
connective tissue with high content of adipose, nerves, and blood vessels
vessel that branches from an interlobular artery and supplies the glomerulus
a vessel involved in bringing lymph to the lymph node
protein that anchors actin to the Z-disk
long airway lined only with alveolar cells and some smooth muscle
macrophage located in the alveolar space and its surrounding connective tissue; serves to remove inhaled particles; also referred to as "dust cell"
alveoli cluster surrounding an air space; found at the end of alveolar ducts
the site where alveoli exchange gas with the blood; composed of:
1) the basic unit of gas exchange; small air-filled chamber lined by squamous cells
2) mammary gland secretory structure; lined by cuboidal cells and myoepithelial cells
innermost membrane surrounding the embryo
see oviduct
gland of the anus associated with hair follicles
branched, straight tubular mucus gland extending into the submucosa
area where the simple columnar epithelium of the rectal mucosa meets an area of stratified squamous epithelium
see basal plate
space between the cornea and the iris; filled with aqueous humor
see adenohypophysis
black debris found in the alveolar macrophages of those individuals chronically exposed to smoke
a cell that processes and presents antigens to lymphocytes; this category includes:
cavity inside the secondary and Graafian follicles
that side of the cell facing the lumen; typically the site of secretion and reception of substances (i.e. hormones, antibodies, and nutrients)
large sweat gland associated with hair follicles in the eyelid, axilla, areola, anal region, and genitalia
controlled cellular death in which the organelles are packaged in membranes for eventual phagocytosis; apparent as a shrinkage in cell size and a pyknotic nucleus
bone growth due to addition of new matrix by osteoblasts in bone or chondroblasts in cartilage
endocrine cell of the digestive tract; activated by nervous stimulation
watery fluid of the anterior chamber and posterior chamber of eye
branch of the interlobar artery; traces a course along the base of the renal pyramid
vessel carrying blood away from the kidney medulla; traces a course along the pyramid base
small muscle attached to the base of a hair follicle
vessel with 1-2 layers of smooth muscle; leads to a capillary
vessel which takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart to tissues
fluid found in the peritoneal cavity; consists of mesothelial cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and may contain cancer cells
necrotic mass of lipid and cells (macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts) resulting from endothelial damage
disintegrating follicle within the ovary; has not undergone ovulation
a wasting away of muscle due to denervation or disuse
ganglion cell group between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa in the digestive tract; controls motility of the digestive tract
extension of neurons which transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells
the point from which the axon emerges from the neuron body
the lysosome of leukocytes
Bronchus Associated Lymphatic Tissue; lymphatic aggregations of the respiratory system
precursor to the neutrophil with an "S" shaped nucleus
juvenile/immature forms of granulocytes with "U" or "S" shaped nuclei; immediate precursors to the mature forms
structure derived from the centriole which organizes the microtubules of cilia
a cell type that comprises the bottom layer of epithelia; serves as precursor/replacement for the cells above it
noncellular, protein-polysaccharide layer which anchors an epithelium to the connective tissue beneath; also known as 'lamina densa' known in light microscopy as basement membrane
maternal side of the placenta; many blood vessels traverse here to supply the intervillous space; contains numerous anchoring villi which attach it to the chorionic plate
that side of the cell that is anchored to the basal lamina or to other cells; faces away from the lumen
Light microscopic term for basal lamina
membrane within the cochlea; its vibrations allow for frequency determination, with high frequency sounds discriminated at the base, and low frequency sounds at the apex
1) least in number of all leukocytes; possesses vasoactive and immunoreactive substances similar to those of mast cells which are released after IgE binding; nucleus often obscured by coarse cytoplasmic blue (H&E) granules in cytoplasm.
2) cell of the adenohypophysis which stains blue-purple; includes: adrenocorticolipotropes, gonadotropes, and thyrotropes
erythrocyte precursor slightly smaller than the proerythroblast; has deeply basophilic cytoplasm; EM reveals considerable numbers of polyribosomes present (beginning of hemoglobin synthesis at this stage); division of basophilic erythroblast gives rise to polychromatophilic erythroblast
product of the liver stored in the gallbladder and released into the duodenum; allows for solubilization and uptake of lipids
"canal" between two adjacent hepatocytes; site of bile release from the hepatocyte
ducts which carry bile from the liver parenchyma; bile ducts fuse to form the hepatic duct
the earlier precursor of blood cells
structure that carries blood and blood-borne substances; lined by smooth muscle; types include:
the junctional complex between adjacent Sertoli cells; keeps developing germ cells isolated from potentially harmful antibodies of the circulation
a barrier between lymphocytes and the lumen of vessels in the thymus; consists of:
see lymphocyte
specialized connective tissue with a mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix
blood-rich material in the center of bone; involved in hemopoiesis
flat cell that aligns bone surfaces; is an inactive osteoprogenitor cell
stage in bone repair; replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus after mineralization
site of plasma filtration; a double-layered cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
"olfactory gland"; the secretion of this serous glands traps and dissolves odor-producing particles in the nasal cavity to allow for new smells to be detected
basal lamina of the corneal epithelium
branches of this vessel supply all lung tissue except for the alveoli
this vessel drains the connective tissue of the lung hilus
also known as "Clara cell"; nonciliated cell lining bronchioles that secretes a lipoprotein to prevent adhesion of the airway walls
structure extending from the bronchi to the alveoli
see trachea
submucosal mucous glands of the duodenum
the appearance of the numerous microvilli of an absorptive epithelium
a columnar epithelial cell of the respiratory system with numerous microvilli; serves as a sensory receptor; basal surface is in contact with a nerve ending
a stage of endochondral bone formation in which cartilage previously laid down is mineralized
opening at the corneal-scleral junction which drains the aqueous humor
"tunnel" which allows osteocytes housed in separate lacunae to communicate via cytoplasmic processes
cell that exhibits uncontrolled growth; may spread throughout the organism affected
a small blood vessel which receives from arteries and delivers to veins; thin endothelium is ideal for exchange of substances
the side opposite the urinary pole in the glomerulus; contains blood
material of the capsule consisting of sulfated proteoglycans
1)a covering layer of connective tissue of the lymph node, spleen, testis, prostate and other organs
2)secreted matrix surrounding the lacunae of chondrocytes
a condition in which cancer cells are limited (at least temporarily) by the basement membrane from spreading to other areas
gland located within the stomach at its junction with the esophagus; similar in property to the esophageal cardiac gland
involuntary, striated muscle that makes up the mass of the heart and lines some large vessels (i.e. large branches of the pulmonary vein)
the elongate cell whose contractile and electric communication properties allow the heart to beat
tissue consisting of chondrocytes and a surrounding matrix; types include:
supporting structure found in good number in the bronchi; becomes smaller and less numerous in smaller bronchial branches
C-shaped hyaline cartilage which maintains the tubular shape of the trachea and the main bronchi
the main mass of the cell, from which various processes may extend
the full developmental stages of a given cell
name for the splenic artery within the white pulp
large vessel which drains the hepatic sinusoids
cellular stucture involved in organizing the microtubular apparatus and also the mitotic spindle which is needed for faithful division of genetic material in cellular division
a cell of the proximal intercalated duct within the pancreatic acinus
mucous gland of the cervical mucosa; secretes less viscous mucous during mid-menstrual cycle
lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing
see myometrium
see stroma
basophilic cell of the stomach fundic gland that secretes pepsinogen and a weak lipase
a cell that secretes cartilage matrix; referred to as chondrocyte when surrounded by matrix
see chondroblast
a region of cartilage formation
fetal part of the placenta from which chorionic villi project
finger-like extension of the chorionic plate which allows for maternal-fetal blood exchange; lined on the outer surface by the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast and contains a core of fetal blood vessels; the intervillous spaces contain maternal blood; this arrangment allows for maternal-fetal exchange
vascular layer which provides nutrition to the retina
cell of the adrenal medulla which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
a tightly packed complex of DNA and histones (proteins) located in the nucleus
cell of the adenohypophysis which does not stain
paired chromatids joined by a centromere; the chromatids consist of chromatin; humans possess 23 paired chromosomes
tissue located between iris and choroid; produces the aqueous humor and houses muscles which control lens shape
smooth muscle of the ciliary body that controls the shape of the lens
the typical epithelium of the respiratory system; the cilia serve to move mucus and inhaled particles
cell equipped with cilia; primarily in the respiratory system and the oviduct
projection of certain cells containing microtubules which allows for cellular movement or the propulsion of other particles (i.e. mucus, an oocyte, etc.)
allows lens to become more spherical
large, dome-shaped structures anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue which contain taste buds
see bronchiolar cell
hexagonal model of liver organization with six portal triads surrounding a central vein
spaces within the myelin sheath containing Schwann cell cytoplasm
a model for splenic circulation in which blood empties from splenic arterioles into the sinuses of the red pulp
the coiled structure located in the inner ear that houses the auditory apparatus
space divided into the scala vestibuli superiorly and scala tympani inferiorly and the scala media in the center
A triangular space bordered by the basilar membrane, Reissner's membrane, and the lateral cochlear wall
the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
a large grouping of collagen fibers
see collagen
the basic functional and structural unit of collagen fibers consisting of a repeating pattern of collagen molecules in a banded array
a triple helix protein which allows for great tensile strength; types include:
duct of the kidney cortex and medulla that drains the tubule network into the larger ducts of Bellini; lined by squamous cells, cuboidal cells, and columnar epithelial cells, in that order as the duct increases in size
tubule that emerges in the cortical labyrinth; a number of these merge to form a collecting duct within a medullary ray
same as central vein
gel-like material of the follicles; site of thyroglobulin storage
a cell which is taller than it is wide; lines large glands and ducts; ideal for absorptive epithelia
structure which drains the cystic and hepatic duct into the duodenum
bone characterized by heavy matrix deposition; confers great tensile strength; also known as 'cortical' bone
structures of the respiratory system which bring air to the sites of gas exchange; include:
photoreceptor cell responsible for color vision
mucus membrane lining the space between inner eyelids and surface lateral to the cornea
supportive tissue; includes:
capillaries with a continuous endothelium; present in muscle, lung, and the CNS
chief refractive element and anterior window of the eye
a vessel that brings blood to heart tissue
a vessel that takes deoxygenated blood away from heart tissue
a degenerated corpus luteum; filled with lipid and hyaline
see erectile tissue
after ovulation, the collapsed Graafian follicle gives rise to this endocrine structure; produces progesterone and estrogen
see erectile tissue
1) the outer layer of the lymph node and thymus; contains high concentration of lymphocytes
2) the outer portion of a given organ
3) the outer portion of the adrenal gland; comprised of the (outer to inner):
the combination of the renal corpuscle, the proximal and distal tubules
also known as "subcapsular sinus"; area under the capsule where the afferent lymphatic vessels drain; lined by myoepithelial cells
cell of the pituitary which stimulates release of hormones by the adrenal cortex
area of the tonsil that contains large amounts of lymphocytes
mucous gland of the intestinal mucosa
a cell with even dimensions on all sides; serves for absorption, barrier, and especially duct-lining
derivative of the trophoblast (a segment of the blastocyst which gives rise to the supportive structures of the embryo) that is mitotically active and fuses with the syncytiotrophoblast
cells of the endometrial stroma which, under the influence of estrogen and progesterone, store large amounts of glycogen; this creates a favorable environment for implantation of the blastocyst; appears as large, pale cell
area of the lymph node cortex which is adjacent to the medulla; T-lymphocytes are abundant here
the signal receiving appendage of neurons
connective tissue with randomized arrangement of abundant collagen fibers and sparse cellular content (i.e. submucosa)
connective tissue with ordered and densely packed fibers (i.e. collagen) and cells; provides significant strength; see also tendon
connective tissue evaginations from the dermis into the epidermis
the inner layer of the skin; composed of dense irregular connective tissue
basal lamina of the corneal endothelium
a strong adhesion on the lateral surfaces of cells; the strength is imparted by intermediate filament; also known as 'macula adherens'
process of lymphocyte migration through the blood vessel lining
the shaft of a long bone
increases the iris (pupil) opening
a tortuous tubule of the cortex lined by cuboidal cells; exchanges sodium for potassium, reabsorbs bicarbonate, and converts ammonia to ammonium; houses the macula densa
tubule of the medullary ray lined by cuboidal cells
cell of the bladder which changes shape according to the state of distension
the top surface of the tongue which is covered with papillae
conduit that delivers substances from site of production to target site; sweat ducts are typically simple cuboidal epithelium or stratified cuboidal epithelium
structure that connects the rete testis to the ductus epididymis; lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
same as vas deferens; leads from the ductus epididymis to the prostatic urethra; lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
highly coiled tube lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium; the principal cells of this epithelium possess stereocilia which move maturing spermatozoa through the channel
see Brunner's gland
the initial portion of the intestine; receives contents of the stomach
one of the more mature spermatozoan precursors; it is a round cell that is attached to the apical membrane of a Sertoli cell
sweat gland found all over the body except the lips and external genitalia
drainage vessel of the glomerulus
a vessel that takes lymph away from the lymph node
the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle form this structure in the body of the prostate gland; empties into the urethra
vessel with dense concentration of elastic laminae in the tunica media; i.e. aorta
see cartilage
consists primarily of elastic fibers
connective tissue fiber that allows for flexibility; composed of the protein elastin
elastic fibers arranged in concentric layers:
polypeptide component of elastic fibers
the heart wall layer which contacts blood; consists of outer endothelial layer and inner subendothelial layer of connective tissue
the part of the cervix facing inward toward the uterus; see also squamocolumnar junction
a process of bone formation involving a cartilaginous precursor which is later mineralized and replaced with bone; occurs in all long bones
fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
lining of the uterus and cervix consisting of two layers:
the uterine lining undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle:
connective tissue layer of reticular fibers surrounding muscle fibers
connective tissue which surrounds individual nerve fibers
membrane-enclosed compartment surrounding a particle/cell that was phagocytosed
lining of the bone surface facing the marrow and also of trabeculae; consists of osteoprogenitor cells that are referred to as "endosteal cells"
connective tissue which surrounds a fasicle (the subunit of a tendon); contains vessels and nerves
squamous cell that lines blood and lymphatic vessels
1)layer of endothelial cells and their underlying basement membrane; lines all but the smallest vessels
2)the deepest layer of the cornea
see APUD cell
leukocyte with bilobed nuclei; engages in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complex; possesses histaminase and other enzymes which neutralize the substances released by mast cells and basophils to prevent hyperinflammation; bilobed nucleus (humans); rodent eosinophils have annular shaped nucleus and monkeys eosinophils contain multilobed nuclei; have red granules (H&E) in cytoplasm
see pericardium
outer layer of skin; the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that comprises the upper skin layer; extensive keratin deposition allows for effective barrier function; has five strata (from inner to outer):
dense connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fiber fascicles (bundles)
also known as "adrenaline"; hormone of the adrenal medulla; involved in the sympathetic response
connective tissue that binds bundles of nerve fibers
cartilaginous layer at the epiphysis of long bones which is the site of longitudinal bone growth
the ends of long bones
connective tissue layer that surrounds a tendon
stellate-shaped cell that serves a supportive role in the thymus
the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum which when engorged with blood, allow for erection
another name for the rough endoplasmic reticulum
see red blood cell
the process of red blood cell formation, occurs in the bone marrow
a kidney protein which stimulates erythropoeisis in times of reduced tissue oxygen
gland of the terminal esophagus; located in the lamina propria; secretes a neutral mucus to protect the esophagus from gastric regurgitation
occurs throughout the esophageal submucosa; secretes a slightly acid secretion which lubricates the esophageal lumen
steroid hormone which maintains/develops female sex characteristics
light-staining matter of the nucleus; represents less condensed, more actively transcribed DNA regions
see duct; in esophagus: lined by stratified squamous epithelium as it emerges from the esophageal gland
the segment of the cervix facing the vaginal space; see also squamocolumnar junction
voluntary sphincter of the anus
see elastic laminae
same as external elastic lamina
outer layer of the hair follicle; derived from a downgrowth of the epidermis
debris material containing dead leukocytes and foreign cells found at sites of infection
a hair of the eyelid
protects the eye from foreign objects and desiccation
filamentous actin composed of two G-actin (globular actin) strands
plates on the transverse intercalated disc that allow muscle cells to anchor to each other; analogous to the zonula adherens of epithelial cells
capillary with a discontinuous basal lamina as well as gaps (covered by diaphragms) between the endothelial cells
a discontinuous basal lamina of a fenestrated capillary covered by a diaphragm
Fusiform cell with cytoplasm that is usually indistinguishable from the surrounding matrix; tapering processes are present but are difficult to visualize in most sections; some very active cells have basophilic cytoplasm; has elliptical nucleus, sometimes slightly folded, with sparse chromatin that presents a "speckled" appearance (may be mistaken for plasma cell); has one to two nucleoli; makes fibers and ground substance
see cartilage
a stage of bone repair in which fibrocartilage is deposited to stabilize the ends of the fractured bones; later replaced by the bony callus
dense irregular connective tissue and smooth muscle of the prostate gland
appendages on the dorsal surface of the tongue; covered with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
finger-like extensions of the infundibulum which catch the oocyte after its departure from the ovary
a cell that is a resident of connective tissue; i.e mast cell
a macrophage containing large lipid stores; located within an atherosclerotic plaque
appendages of the dorsolateral surface of the tongue; contain many taste bud
1) the spherical structure responsible for hormone production in the thyroid gland
2) see hair follicle
pituitary hormone which stimulates the maturation of the ovarian follicle
the cuboidal cell of the thyroid follicle or the developing follicle
the process of follicular development; includes several stages (in the following order):
simple, branched tubular gland of the stomach fundus that produces the substances necessary for digestion; contains Chief cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, APUD cells, and stem cells
mushroom-shaped appendages of the dorsal tongue; contain numerous taste buds
"globular" actin, appears bead-like in structure
Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue; lymphatic aggregates located throughout the digestive tract
a group of neuronal cell bodies
1) a cell of a ganglion 2) postganlionic cell of the adrenal medulla; causes release of norepinephrine and epinephrine upon nervous stimulation
layer of the neural retina which houses neurons involved in transmitting the signals of photoreception
channel that allows electrical, electrolyte, and fluid communication between adjacent cells; also known as nexus
another name for fundic glands
depression of the stomach lining that opens into the gastric gland
area of lymphatic tissue containing rapidly developing/differentiating lymphocytes
cuboidal cells that line the surface of the ovary; does NOT give rise to germ cells
structure involved in producing substances to be secreted; sweat glands tend to be lined by either stratified cuboidal epithelium or stratified columnar_epithelium
GBM; basal lamina between the podocytes and endothelium; allows selective permeability by size and charge (positive, small particles filter easier
capillary meshwork of the kidney nephron
see zona fasciculata
primary energy storage form of animal cells; appear as empty vacuoles in LM
special mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cell located in the respiratory system and intestines; large vacuoles can be seen in light microscopy
cellular structure involved in modifying, packaging, sorting, and secreting proteins; has cis face for receiving and trans face for releasing products
LH and FSH; released by the gonadotropes
cell of the adenohypophysis which releases LH and FSH
see folliculogenesis
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, all of which possess certain immunoreactive substances contained in granules
the developmental process of granulocytes
cell which comprises a layer which surrounds the antrum of the mature follicle; catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogen
cell of the corpus luteum derived from the granulosa cell
viscous substance that occupies the space between fibroblasts and connective tissue
a region of the sarcomere with only myosin filaments; shortens with contraction
appendage of the skin composed of keratinized cells
the cell of audioreception protruding from the basilar membrane; registers vibration, which is then converted to electrical signals transmitted along the cochlear nerve
skin structure from which hairs arise
concentric arrangement of epithelioreticular cells; more prominent in adults
see Haversian system
concentric lamellae arranged around a central (Haversian) canal which conatins blood vessels and nerve supply
alveolar macrophage filled with hemosiderin; indicative of congestive heart failure
a cell that stimulates B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes to carry out their respective functions
same as hemopoiesis
structure on the basal surface of an epithelial cell that anchors it to connective tissue elements
large cell with basophilic cytoplasm and large nucleus which was at one time considered to be the precursor to all blood cell types
process of blood cell formation from a common stem cell; occurs in bone marrow in the adult
debris found in heart failure cells
see liver acinus
vessel carrying oxygen rich blood to the liver
duct which delivers bile from the liver to the cystic and common bile ducts
sinusoids of the liver
drains deoxygenated blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
the basic functional cell of the liver
axonal dilation within the neurons of the pars nervosa; contains either oxytocin or vasopressin
dark staining regions of chromatin in the nucleus; signifies DNA regions of little transcripitional activity
the area of a lymph node where vessels enter and exit
macrophage-like cell of the chorionic villus; unknown function; contains stores of lipids and glycoproteins
mode of secretion in which part of the secretory cell is exuded in the product; i.e. sebaceous gland
the space underneath an osteoclast where bone matrix is being resorped
see cartilage
overgrowth of cells due to: overstimulation of the tissue/organ which they comprise, a cancer, or a benign condition such as BPH (benign prostratic hypertrophy)
a layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis; contains ample adipose
capillary network carrying neuroendocrine secretions from the median eminence and infundibular stem to the pars anterior
nerve tract leading from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
a region of the sarcomere whose span includes only actin filaments
terminal portion of small intestine; opens into cecum of the large intestine
antibody secreted by the plasma cells; types include:
mammary gland with much dense irregular connective tissue and no secretory activity
bodily response to injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and loss of function; triggered by heavy infiltration of leukocytes, particularly neutrophils
1)attachment between the hypothalamus and pituitary
2)see oviduct
concentric rings of bone matrix closer to the bone center
same as internal elastic lamina
layer of the neural retina composed of the basal lamina of Muller cells
layer of neural retina housing horizontal, amacrine, bipolar and Muller cells
contains processes of the cells of the inner nuclear layer
structure which connects adjacent muscle fibers at their ends; also allows for communication via gap junctions which span it
located between an acinus and larger ducts in salivary glands; secrete bicarbonate and absorb chloride; most prominent in salivary glands that produce watery secretions
the actin filament bundles interposed between adjacent Sertoli cells
a space between adjacent cells
branch of the renal artery; travels between adjacent renal pyramids
vessel that branches from an interlobar artery and descends into a kidney lobule; a lobule is a segment of a lobe, which in turn consists of a pyramid and surrounding tissue on its base and sides
duct of the mammary gland; located at a distance from lobules
vessel that carries deoxygenated blood in the same region as the interlobular artery, but in reverse course
cytoskeletal element which serves a general supportive and structural function
see pars intermedia
the involuntary, inner anal sphincter; composed of smooth muscle
see elastic laminae
same as internal elastic lamina
process of bone/cartilage growth due to cell division rather than matrix deposition
rows of bony matrix in the area between Haversian systems
in cartilage, material at a distance from cells; proteoglycans are in sparse concentration here; see also territorial matrix
see chorionic villus
same as crypt of Lieberkuhn
invagination of the parietal cell membrane with numerous microvilli; this system enhances the surface area available for HCL release
1) the equivalent of the striated duct; lined by cuboidal cells; functions in reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium; found in salivary glands and the pancreas
2) duct leading from the mammary lobules to the interlobular duct
process in which bone is laid down by osteoblasts without a prior cartilaginous precursor; primary mode of flat bone formation
visceral striated muscle; allow for voluntary tongue movement
the space between where the iris and cornea are anchored
diaphragm extending over the lens surface; controls pupil diameter
functional unit of the endocrine pancreas; composed of three cell types:
group of contiguous chondrocytes that results from the division of a single precursor
see oviduct
see lipocyte
middle portion of the small intestine
the combination of desmosomes, zonula adherens, and zonula occludens
structure adjacent to the afferent and efferent arterioles; it is involved in the release of renin, and hence the control of blood pressure; consists of:
see epidermis
cell of the epidermis which produces keratin
protein produced by the keratinocyte which becomes keratin when combined with tonofilaments (intermediate filaments)
a cell of the immune system that directly attacks foreign cells, causing lysis
cell of the mononuclear phagocytic system which resides in the space of Disse; degrades damaged erythrocytes
lining of the oral surface of the lip; consists of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
a small lymphatic vessel located at the intestinal villus tip
the housing compartment of chondrocytes and osteocytes within their respective matrices
the loose connective tissue of mucous membranes
antigen-presenting cell of the stratum spinosum; has clear cytoplasm and dark-staining nucleus
air passage between the oropharynx and the trachea
elongate spermatozoan precursor bordering the seminiferous tubule lumen, yet still attached to a Sertoli cell
that side of the cell in contact with other cells; usually anchored by various filament complexes
layer of neural retina housing the photoreceptors
transparent, elliptical structure which along with the cornea, is a refractive element of the eye
thick basal lamina covering the lens
a cancer in which the numbers of leukocytes in the blood increase dramatically; immature blood cells are also found in circulation in this condition
a cell of the immune system; also known as a white blood cell
pituitary hormone which stimulates theca interna cells to secrete androgens
cell of the stroma surrounding the seminiferous tubule which produces testosterone; this hormone is important in the male for:
a transitional area between cornea and sclera
fatty acids, cholesterol, etc. housed in cells as vacuoles
lipid vacuoles inside cells; usually lost in preparation for microscopy
also known as "Ito cell"; cell of the liver which stores large amounts of lipid as well as vitamin A
vacuole containing debris; the older a cell, the more lipofuscin it will contain; also known as tertiary lysosome and residual body
elliptical model of liver organization with central veins on the ends of the long axis, and portal triads on the ends of the short longitudinal axis
subdivision of the lung; the left lung is divided into an upper and lower lobe, the right lung is divided into an upper, middle, and lower lobe
1)a group of ducts and surrounding connective tissue within the mammary gland
2)the functional unit of liver organization; defined variously as: the classical lobule, the liver acinus, and the portal lobule
3)an area of the lung supplied by a bronchiole
part of the ciliary muscle; causes tension of the lens
a U-shaped structure of the nephron consisting of the descending proximal straight tubule, the thin segment, and the ascending distal straight tubule
connective tissue with an abundance of cells and sparse fibers
aggregates of lymphocytes in the cortex of the lymph node
same as lymphatic vessel
a vessel that carries lymph, which consists of interstitial fluid, cells of the immune system, foreign cells, and other substances
Small round cell with dark nucleus and only a thin rim of cytoplasm:
the process of development of lymphocytes in lymph nodes
digestive organelles containing various hydrolytic enzymes;
located in the sarcomere, a region at the center of the H band which signifies the attachment sites of myosin filaments to each other
massive cell involved in phagocytosis of foreign material or defective host cells, and in antigen presentation; usually irregular in shape with vacuolated cytoplasm; the macrophage is difficult to distinguish from a fibroblast without the presence of phagocytosed material
see desmosome
specialized cell group of the distal convoluted tubule that is part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
in prostate cancer, the presence of glandular hypertrophy
eosinophilic inclusion found in the hepatocyte of alcoholics
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue; lymphatic aggregates of the cervical mucosa
acidophilic cell of the adenohypophysis which releases luteotropic hormone (LTH)
area between the red pulp and white pulp of the spleen
see bone marrow
large fixed cell that has large granules containing immunoreactive and vasoactive substances: histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis, and heparin; found near blood vessels; round small nucleus (as compared to cell size); numerous granules show metachromasia with some stains
a cell after it has fully developed from its precursors; if applied to granulocytes, refers to the cell form of the circulation, which usually contains a multilobed segmented nucleus
continuous with the infundibulum; carries neurosecretory nerves
connective tissue that projects into the parenchyma of the testis, carrying with it blood and lymph vessels
the inner portion of an organ; in the thymus and lymph node, area of relatively sparse lymphocyte concentration
inner portion which contains a lesser concentration of lymphocytes
tissue of the medulla in lymph organs containing reticular cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
aggregate of the proximal, distal straight and collecting tubules
space between adjacent medullary cord; drains lymph into the efferent lymph vessel
also known as "central vein"; large, muscular vein of the adrenal medulla; its strong contractility facilitates quick release of the medullary hormones
a massive precursor of platelets within the bone marrow; possesses a multilobed nucleus
a process which produces daughter cells with half the DNA content of the parent; results in germ cell production
receptors of low frequency tactile stimuli; located on hairless skin
a ganglion of the submucosa which controls secretion in the digestive tract
a cell of the epidermis which produces melanin, the substance responsible for pigmentation
cell of the pars intermedia which stimulates melanin production; found in some non-human species
found within the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum; contains a glycolipid that forms a water barrier on the skin surface
see endometrium
cell of stratum basale which functions in cutaneous sensation
cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal corpuscle; involved in phagocytosis of debris
slit left exposed on outer myelin sheath after myelin wrapping is complete
squamous cell comprising the cellular part of the mesothelium
epithelial lining of the body cavities (i.e. thoracic, pericardial, abdominal)
phenomenon in which a basic dye changes color from blue to red/purple due to the dense presence of polyanionic groups (i.e. phosphates, sulfates)
precursor of granulocytes which shows varying degrees of indentation, and elongation of the nucleus indicative of differentiation into the more mature juvenile or band forms.
the curve between the ends of the bone (epiphysis) and the shaft of the bone (diaphysis)
the spread of a cancer to areas away from where it originated
cell involved in metastasis
bacteria; found in certain body cavities; see Pap smear
cytoskeletal element involved in cell anchorage, contraction, exocytosis/endocytosis, structure of microvilli, and locomotion; actin and myosin are examples
cytoskeletal element found in cilia, flagella, basal bodies, the mitotic spindle, centrioles, cytoplasm, and elongating cell processes (i.e. axon)
processes of the apical plasma membrane of absorptive cells; increase surface area for absorption
see zona glomerulosa
the point where the collecting ducts of a pyramid drain; several of these structures drain into a major calyx
oxidative organelle of the cell; believed to be derived from a prokaryotic symbiote
involutions of the inner mitochondrial membrane protruding into the matrix; contain enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
process which produces two daughter cells, each with genetic material equal in amount to the parent
cell in the process of dividing into two daughter cells which will contain the same amount of genetic material as the parent
newly forming bone atop calcified cartilage; seen in endochondral bone formation
bony core around which the cochlea turns 2 and 3/4 times
precursor of the promonocyte
the large blood-borne precursor of mononuclear phagocytic system cells; has some vacuoles and indented nucleus frequently lacking nucleoli
cells capable of vigorous phagocytosis; arise from monocytes; this system includes:
the border between the epidermis of the outer lip and the labial mucosa
the combination of an epithelial lining, the lamina propria, and muscularis muscosae
a mucous secretory unit with a circular arrangement of mucous cells
a cell that produces and releases mucous; vacuoles are usually visible within the eosiniphilic cytoplasm
a cell of a mucous gland located in the digestive tract, respiratory system, etc
a gland that release mucous, a glycoprotein
located at the neck of the fundic gland; secretes a soluble mucous
see mucous cell
cell lining the gastric pit; secretes an insoluble mucous
see myofiber
most numerous of artery types; notable for thick, muscular tunica media; example is brachial artery