Question 1 - Single Best Answer
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) consists of which of the following?
cocktail of drugs includes immune modulators to stimulate a more effective Th-2 response cocktail of drugs that includes antivirals and peptides that block gp120-mediated cell entry cocktail of antivirals that can reduce viral load and eventually clear the infection cocktail of antivirals that can reduce viral load and slow down the progression to drug resistance
Question 2 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following would be a requirement for BSE to cause nvCJD in humans?
Cattle would have to have been fed rendered by-products The human recipient would need to have a predisposing mutation in their PrP in order to be predisposed to infection with BSE The recipient would had to have eaten improperly cooked meats. The prion must have a mechanism to be transported from the gut to the CNS.
Question 3 - Single Best Answer
Papillomavirus induced cervical carcinoma is usually characterized by
infection with high risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) such as HPV16 and HPV18 increased expression of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 integration of viral DNA into cellular chromosomal DNA disruption of the viral E2 transcriptional transactivator gene all of the above
Question 4 - Single Best Answer
Acute hepatitis A infection diagnosis is made by the presence of:
IgM antibody to Hepatitis A antigen IgG antibody to Hepatitis A antigen All of the above None of the above
Question 5 - Single Best Answer
EBV mononucleosis is transmitted by ____________and diagnosed by _____________.
saliva, atypical lymphocytes fecal-oral transmission, heterophile antibody+ sexual transmission, monospot+ sexual transmission, atypical lymphocytes saliva, antibodies to sheep red blood cells
Question 6 - Single Best Answer
The appearance of Koplik spots in measles is due to which of the following viral proteins?
G H F N HN
Question 7 - Single Best Answer
In the years following the introduction of Myxoma in Australia to curb the rabbit population, which of the following were observed?
the myxoma virus became more virulent and the rabbits became more resistant the myxoma virus became less virulent and the rabbits became more resistant the myxoma virus became less virulent and the rabbits became less resistant the myxoma virus became more virulent and there was no change in the rabbit susceptibility the myxoma virus became less virulent and there was no change in the rabbit susceptibility
Question 8 - Single Best Answer
Steroids are sometimes given for EBV mononucleosis. This is done
if there is airway blockage to reduce the fever to counteract the interferon to prevent bacterial superinfection
Question 9 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following is a component of every virus?
RNA DNA lipid carbohydrate protein
Question 10 - Single Best Answer
The most important thing for a child with fever, diarrhea, and high urine specific gravity is to
diagnose the cause of the diarrhea give antibiotics for the concurrent urinary tract infection rehydrate, either orally or intravenously give aspirin to reduce the fever give peptobismol for comfort, the infection is self limiting
Question 11 - Single Best Answer
The term „positive strand RNA¾ refers to
genomic viral RNA that is mRNA like in its nucleotide sequence genomic viral RNA that is the reverse complement of mRNA any RNA that can serve as a template for RNA replication any viral RNA that is packaged into a virus particle. any viral RNA that is transcribed from a DNA template.
Question 12 - Single Best Answer
Risk factors for rotavirus diarrhea are
under 5 years, cruise ships under 5 years, malnutrition daycare centers, unpasteurized milk malnutrition, adults adults, cruise ships
Question 13 - Single Best Answer
From what source would you attempt to obtain a patient sample for culture of HIV?
throat swab stool sample blood urine Kaposi¼s sarcoma biopsy
Question 14 - Single Best Answer
Hepatitis viruses that are spread via the fecal-oral route, through contaminated food and water, can also be spread via sexual transmission.
true false
Question 15 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following viruses would be LEAST stable in the environment?
human JC polyomavirus human papillomvirus 16 (HPV16) influenza virus human parvovirus B19 poliovirus
Question 16 - Single Best Answer
The dark urine in viral hepatitis is a result of
breakdown of the RBC¼s in the liver breakdown of the hepatocytes releasing unconjugated bilirubin decrease in the excretion of conjugated bilirubin via the bile increase in the production of conjugated bilirubin in the hepatocytes
Question 17 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following viruses have a killed virus vaccine currently used for prevention of disease?
hepatitis C virus rotavirus measles Norwalk virus hepatitis A virus
Question 18 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following quantities represents a measure of only infectious virus?
TCID50 pfu/ml LD50 ffu/ml (focus forming units per ml) all of the above
Question 19 - Single Best Answer
A child with a runny nose, slight cough, and a mild conjunctivitis but no white spots visible on the buccal mucosa and no rash MOST likely has
Koplik spot negative measles German measles a cold B19 viral infection croup
Question 20 - Single Best Answer
It is estimated that 2/3 of HSV-2 infections result from exposure to which of the following?
dirty toilet seats a lesion (chancre) asymptomatic partner contaminated water dirty needles
Question 21 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following is true?
rhinoviruses are good candidates for vaccine development Coxsackie B virus is the causative agent of herpangina translation of the genome of poliovirus is the first step in reproduction after uncoating of the virus in infected cells most picornavirus infections are symptomatic poliovirus is not shed in feces during asymptomatic infections
Question 22 - Single Best Answer
A 55-year-old male citizen of Mexico who arrived a month ago to visit his son and daughter-in-law in Florida for the summer, was evaluated at an urgent-care center for a 7-day history of increasing pain in his left arm, chest and shoulder. He also complained of sore throat, anxiety, insomnia, nausea and vomiting. He said he had received a bite from a cat on his arm and that the pain had started after that. He was transferred to the hospital and treated for chest pain, but evaluation ruled out cardiac disease and pneumonia. He rejected all oral fluids and continued to complain of the pain. He was sent to the mental health unit where he was noted to be anxious and have impaired memory. He also tried to bite the therapist. He was diagnosed with anxiety disorder and given tranquilizers and discharged. The next day he couldn¼t breathe and was given mouth-to-mouth resuscitation by his daughter. He died shortly thereafter. His daughter should be counseled to
watch for signs of EBV take amantadine to prevent influenza get anti-rabies shots allow his corneas to be used for corneal transplants
Question 23 - Single Best Answer
What step in replication do all viruses have in common?
entry into cells via endocytotic vesicles. DNA replication synthesis of (-)strand RNA from (+)strand RNA synthesis of mRNA budding from the plasma membrane
Question 24 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following two human herpesviruses are causally associated with lymphomas?
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 EBV and KSHV Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus HHV-6 and HHV-7 EBV and HHV-6
Question 25 - Single Best Answer
Complications from influenza infection include
diarrhea conjunctivitis hemorrhagic cystitis skin rash secondary bacterial infection and pneumonia
Question 26 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a human equilibrium virus?
can maintain a infection chain in humans no contemporary animal reservoirs tends to have a low level of virulence in humans stable relationship with the human host like HIV, is able to persist for years before it kills the host
Question 27 - Single Best Answer
Resolved hepatitis B infection diagnosis is made by the presence of:
Core antigen (HBcAgA) HBxAg IgG antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAb) in the presence of Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) All the above None of the above
Question 28 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following best describes the composition of the HIV provirus?
enveloped capsid with two virion RNA molecules associated with the reverse transcriptase partially assembled capsid with two virion RNA molecules and associated reverse transcriptase awaiting envelopment capped and polyadenylated RNA genome awaiting reverse transcription double-stranded cDNA containing a single LTR preparing to integrate integrated double-stranded cDNA containing two LTRs
Question 29 - Single Best Answer
A child with a barking cough and stridor almost certainly has
measles rabies croup influenza a cold
Question 30 - Single Best Answer
Mumps, polio, yellow fever, and Coxsackie viruses all have in common which of the following stages in infection?
viremia fecal/oral route of infection infection by bite of insect final target organ sexually transmitted
Question 31 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following viruses would you most likely find latent in sacral ganglia?
HSV-1 and HHV-8 HSV-2 and VZV HHV-8 and EBV HIV and HHV-6 HHV-6 and HHV-7
Question 32 - Single Best Answer
The symptoms in croup are thought to be due to
an immune reaction denuding of the ciliated respiratory epithelium infection of the tonsils a superinfecting bacteria production of interferon
Question 33 - Single Best Answer
What is a disadvantage of the Sabin live poliovirus vaccine?
it is safe for administration to immunodeficient patients the ease of administration there is the induction of secretory IgA the virus can revert to wild type during replication in humans it does not give lifelong immunity
Question 34 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following viruses would you predict show the LEAST genetic variation over time?
smallpox virus rhinovirus yellow fever virus rubella virus Influenza virus
Question 35 - Single Best Answer
Mr. Jones had had a slight fever, muscle aches, and a cough for a day or so when he suddenly became profoundly tired and went to bed for three days. He was just starting to feel better when his symptoms returned, even worse than before. He also noticed that his sputum was a funny darkish color. He now almost certainly has
influenza rhinotracheitis following a cold influenza viral pneumonia bacterial pneumonia infectious mononucleosis hepatitis
Question 36 - Single Best Answer
Human papillomaviruses are transmitted by
the respiratory route the oral fecal route insect vectors direct contact through breaks in the skin all of the above
Question 37 - Single Best Answer
Rotavirus infection
has a long incubation period is a major cause of death in developed countries results in the release of large amounts of virus during diarrhea is asymptomatic in infants and symptomatic in adults causes fusion of infected cells
Question 38 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following is not true regarding Ebola virus?
closely related to Marburg virus long prodromal period a filovirus non-equilibrium virus in humans a very high lethality rate in humans
Question 39 - Single Best Answer
A hemagglutination inhibition assay is used for what purpose?
to quantify virus particles to quantify virus infectivity to measure the presence of viral antigen in patient serum. to measure the presence of viral nucleic acid in patient serum to quantify antiviral antibodies in patient serum
Question 40 - Single Best Answer
A young woman develops fever, chills, and myalgia, headache and a stiff neck following a first episode of genital lesions. Which of the following tests would routinely be done?
blood test for HHV 1 virus CSF analysis for possible meningitis CAT scan for possible tumor serological test for HHV2 viral culture of vaginal swab
Question 41 - Single Best Answer
A 21 year old patient presents with a papular rash that developed two days after the onset of fever (101öF). Two days later the papules become more pustular. All are at relatively the same stage of development and are umbilicated. The rash is also present on the palms. Based on this presentation you suspect which of the following?
Chickenpox Smallpox Measles Roseola Cowpox
Question 42 - Single Best Answer
Influenza virus replication
involves a DNA intermediate uses the host RNA polymerase for synthesis of the coding regions of viral mRNA uses the host poly(A) polymerase for polyadenylation of viral mRNA involves release of virus by lysis of infected cells takes place in the cell nucleus
Question 43 - Single Best Answer
Rotavirus, rabies virus, and parainfluenza virus all have in common which of the following virion features?
positive strand, single stranded RNA an RNA dependent RNA polymerase packaged in the virion an envelope glycoprotein spikes DNA genome
Question 44 - Single Best Answer
Synthesis of human papillomavirus capsid proteins occurs
in the upper spinous layers of the epithelium in the lower spinous layers of the epithelium in suprabasal epithelial cells in basal squamous epithelial cells in all of the above
Question 45 - Single Best Answer
In addition to reverse transcriptase and RNase activities, HBV requires which of the following to initiate replication of it¼s genome?
Viral P protein tRNA delta antigen intact LTRs poly purine tract
Question 46 - Single Best Answer
A fomite is
any substance capable of adsorbing and retaining contagious particles the primary site of virus replication a route of spread of infection from a primary site to a secondary site. a non-infectious defective virus genome that causes recurring late stage disease a live attenuated virus used for immunization
Question 47 - Single Best Answer
Adenovirus infection causes
acute respiratory disease gastroenteritis keratoconjunctivitis hemorrhagic cystitis all of the above
Question 48 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following viruses causes pleurodynia with fever and extreme thoracic and pleuritic chest pain?
echovirus Coxsackievirus A Norwalk virus poliovirus Coxsackievirus B
Question 49 - Single Best Answer
The finding that HBV genomes are integrated into the genomes of many PHC tumors has implicated integration as a promoter of this disease. What other factor related to chronic HBV infection is likely a co-factor of HBV oncogenesis?
viral oncogene HbSAg chronic inflammation IgM anti-Hbc
Question 50 - Single Best Answer
The human parvovirus B19
packages an RNA polymerase in the virion requires co-infection with adenovirus for productive replication replicates only in non-dividing cells spreads within the body via nervous tissue can cause a life threatening aplastic crisis in a patient with chronic hemolytic anemia
Question 51 - Single Best Answer
Many retroviruses encode specialized proteins that augment their pathogenic program in certain hosts. Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of HIV¼s nef gene?
promoter/enhancer envelope protein alteration of cell activation signals capsid protein viral oncogene
Question 52 - Single Best Answer
A central difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for AIDS is that?
HIV does not elicit a strong humoral response killed HIV vaccines have poor efficacy the body does not normally mount a cellular response to HIV infection there are too many HIV serotypes to ever target sufficiently with vaccines
Question 53 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following vaccines have the potential to shed as live virus into the environment?
VZV (Oka) Polio (Salk) Hepatitis B (subunit) Influenza (injection)
Question 54 - Single Best Answer
The human polyomavirus BK
packages an RNA polymerase in the virion causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients, notably AIDS patients establishes a common, lifelong, asymptomatic persistent infection in kidneys spreads within the body via nervous tissue can cause a life threatening aplastic crisis in a patient with chronic hemolytic anemia
Question 55 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following is a NOT a serious concern regarding reinstating universal vaccination against Smallpox?
postvaccinia encephalitis severe reactions in the immunocompromised spread of the vaccinia from healthy vaccinees to immunocompromised family members and co-workers reversion of vaccinia to a more virulent form of virus (like Smallpox) generalized vaccinia
Question 56 - Single Best Answer
Which virus infects and causes disease in infants in the face of maternal antibody?
mumps poliovirus respiratory syncytial virus measles rubella
Question 57 - Single Best Answer
Considering all virus infections collectively, what is the most common pattern of infection?
unapparent, that is, no clinical symptoms acute infection. latent infection persistent infection chronic infection
Question 58 - Single Best Answer
Treatment success is unreliable, serious chronic liver disease is recognized, vaccine is not available and therefore avoiding infection by universal precautions is particularly important for:
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E All the above None of the above
Question 59 - Single Best Answer
The influenza virus vaccine
is a live virus vaccine containing influenza B and C types, which confer cross protection against influenza A formulation must be reconsidered each year to account for emergence of new influenza A strains is a subunit vaccine consisting of three different hemagglutinin molecules expressed in yeast using recombinant DNA technology is grown in a continuous line of African green monkey kidney cells none of the above
Question 60 - Single Best Answer
A 32-year old male with a history of i.v. drug use presents with fever, malaise, and jaundice. Lab results indicate liver enzymes are elevated and suggest Hepatitis B as a cause. Which of the following is diagnostic of an acute Hepatitis B infection?
HbSAg Dane particle IgM anti-Hbc anti-Hbe Hbe
Question 61 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following viruses can cause orchitis, parotitis and asceptic meningitis?
rubella mumps virus respiratory syncytial virus Norwalk virus dengue virus
Question 62 - Single Best Answer
The definitive method for determining the virus type in a human papillomavirus infections is
western blot of patient serum against viral proteins hemagglutination inhibition virus culture test for pathogenesis in mice specific test for viral DNA sequence.
Question 63 - Single Best Answer
Which of the following characteristics of a virus would be the most problematic for vaccine development?
multiple serotypes with rapid drift stable virion infective during prodromal stage no persistent infection cattle are a secondary host
Question 64 - Single Best Answer
Antigenic drift among influenza viruses results from
infection of humans with viruses from birds accumulated small changes in the major antibody binding sites on the influenza hemagglutinin reassortment of viruses containing different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes changes in the V3 loop of the CD4 binding surface glycoprotein changes in the proofreading capability of the viral RNA polymerase
Question 65 - Single Best Answer
Adenovirus infections
do not result in a viremia may persist for months are transmitted only by the respiratory route are rare are caused by three adenovirus serotypes
Question 66 - Single Best Answer
A sample of influenza contains 1012 particles per ml as assayed by electron microscopy and 104 hemagglutinin (HA) units per ml. Why are these numbers so different?
because the HA assay detects only infectious virus while the electron microscopy assay detects all particles whether or not they are infectious. because many (in this case 108) virus particles are required to completely agglutinate red blood cells. because the influenza hemagglutinin binds red blood cells very poorly. because the electron microscopy assay detects only infectious virus while the HA assay detects only non infectious particles. because the serial dilution used to set up the HA assay introduces error into the assay.
Question 67 - Single Best Answer
Rabies virus
replicates first in muscle cells at the site of the wound crosses the blood brain barrier during viremia to infect the brain has a short incubation period has a live attenuated viral vaccine is transmitted by the bite of insects
Question 68 - Single Best Answer
Which virus infects endothelial cells?
VZV HSV HHV-8 HHV-6 HHV-7