Large vessel atheromatous disease with thrombosis
Aorta Carotid bifurcation
Distal (intracranial) vertebral, proximal basilar artery
Carotid siphon
Microvascular
Microvascular hyaline degeneration
Microatheroma
Incursion of large vessel plaque on small vessel lumen
Systemic embolism
Atrial fibrillation
Acute myocardial infarction
Ventricular aneurysm
Mechanical prosthetic heart valves
Dilated cardiomyopathy (peripartum, alcoholic, post-viral, decompensated
ischemic/hypertensive)
Endocarditis (infectious, marantic)
Mitral stenosis
Atrial appendage thrombi
Mitral valve prolapse
Paradoxical (right to left cardiac shunt)
Atrial myxoma
Collagen vascular disease, vasculitis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic necrotizing vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis)
Temporal arteritis
Primary central nervous system angiitis
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus vasculopathy
Migraine
Vasculopathies of undertermined origin
Reversible cerebral vasospasm ("thunderclap
headache")
Encephalopathy, hearing loss and retinal arterial occlusion (Susac's
syndrome)
Large vessel vasculopathy with secondary Moya-Moya syndrome
Tumor
Masquerading as stroke
Intravascular lymphoma
Seizure (Todd's paralysis)
Coagulopathy
Pregnancy/post-partum
Oral contraceptives
Antiphospholipid antibodies
Prothrombin G20210A polymorphism
In case of patent foramen ovale only: risk factors for venous thrombosis
(Protein S deficiency, Protein C deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency,
activated protein C resistance (usually Factor V Leiden))
Trauma (carotid, vertebral artery intimal
tear)
Blood dyscrasias
Thrombocytosis
Leukemia
SS, SC disease
Endothelial disease
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Infection
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Syphilis
Parameningeal (aspergillus, mucormycosis)
Drug abuse
Cocaine, phenylpropanolamine, methamphetamine